Sunday, December 29, 2019

The Field Of Environmental Science - 1471 Words

The field of Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary field that integrates biology, ecology, and many others to the study of the environment and the solutions to environmental problems. Because of the expansion of the human population and the ways in which we use our resources, it has resulted in many problems such as climate change and ocean pollution. Many scientists and other various organizations are contributing to finding solutions to the environmental problems. This paper describes the contributions made by Wangari Maathai and Rachel Carson to the field of Environmental Science. Major Contributor: Wangari Maathai Wangari Maathai was a Kenyan Environmental, political, and women’s rights activist and was born on April 1, 1940,†¦show more content†¦In September 1960, Mathaai was one of about three hundred fortunate students to win a scholarship. She was able to attend the Mount St. Scholastica College in Kansas, where she was able to learn more about the environment by earning a bachelor s degree in biology in 1964 and a Master’s degree two years later. She returned to Kenya to earn a Doctorates degree in veterinary medicine at the University if Nairobi. During her studies at the university, Maathai and her female colleagues had to deal with gender discrimination. When they tried to change the unjust treatment, they were told by the university officials that â€Å"you should just take the basic salary because the rest of the services that men get you don’t need† (Maathai, 2006, p.115). But they did not give up. Eventually, Maathai’s work paid off becau se she became the first woman in East Africa to earn a Doctorates Degree. Her experience with gender discrimination and her love for the environment enabled her to join organizations that advocated for women’s rights as well as environmental organizations. Through the various organizations and the scientific community, she found out about the deforestation of Kenya’s forests and the rural women’s lack of resources. â€Å"As I sat listening to the women talk about water, energy, and nutrition, I could see that everything they lacked depended on the environment†

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Five Bases of Power In Politics - Coercive Power, Reward Power, Legiti Essay

Essays on Five Bases of Power In Politics - Coercive Power, Reward Power, Legitimate Power, Referent, and Expert Power Essay The paper â€Å"Five Bases of Power In Politics - Coercive Power, Reward Power, Legitimate Power, Referent, and Expert Power" is a   persuading example of an essay on politics. Power and politics are broad and diverse aspects of any given state. The basis of power and politics may be specific to the governing principles of different states, but there are common structures and variables that define power and the political arena across states around the world. The basic objective of any political regime is to promote that which the society perceives right. In this regard, the rights and freedoms of individuals and the entire population at large must be upheld. Power is divided into different forms, specifically as per the provisions of French and Raven.French and Raven identified five different bases of power. They coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, referent power and expert power (Stewart Haugaard, 2012, p.648). In light of the United States, power and politics are tw o critically related variables in governance. The U.S President, Barack Obama is the head of the world’s superpower state in the world.   French and Raven’s bases of power can be assessed in the context of President Obama. It is important to consider what each of the bases of power entails and then apply the relevant bases in the case, Obama.Coercive power relates to forceful acts against people. This means that individual therefore is forced to act against his or her own will. In other words, this power is dictatorial, and its consequences are more or less unlikely, although this power is primarily aimed at achieving compliance. Reward power entails compensation for a deed done. In most cases, this power is characterized by getting a person(s) to do something for compensation in exchange. Legitimate power is one that is backed up by-laws, rules, and regulations. The authority therein is clearly defined. Charisma best describes referent power, given the characteristi c urge to be like somebody else, for instance, celebrities. Finally, expert power is that power that results from knowledge and skills (Stewart Haugaard, 2012, p.691). The person from whom the knowledge and skills are demanded exhibits expert power.Prior to the five bases of power presented above, President Obama exhibits a number of them (Stewart Haugaard, 2012, p.703). The most common base of power applicable to President Obama is legitimate power. Obama was elected among other presidential aspirants in a U.S presidential general election.   His election took place within the provisions of the U.S constitution. His power, therefore, is backed up by the law that gives him relevant power and authority in governance and administration.President Obama also exhibits expert power. His knowledge and skills in leadership are outstanding. This is seen through the enormous programs he has introduced in a bid to reform the healthcare sector. His aim is to enhance the effectiveness and ef ficiency of the healthcare system, reaching out to the American population universally. Another principle power characteristic of President Obama is coercive power. The President can make a firm decision that is less likely to be influenced by another party. In other words, there are aspects of dictatorship just enough for administration and governance. Referent and reward powers are less exhibited by President Obama, although from time to time they may be evident, though in less or least margins (Stewart Haugaard, 2012, p.717).

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Noise Control in Supersonic Aircraft

Question: Discuss about theNoise Control in Supersonic Aircraft. Answer: Introduction Concorde Supersonic aircraft is one of the modified version of the aircrafts that provides facilitates from different perspectives in comparison with other aircrafts in the marketplace. In addition to this though it is one of the most effective technologies it stills involves so many threats and opportunities (Hafsteinsson 2014). These are mainly focused in this report. Threats within the System: Concorde Supersonic aircraft provides so many facilities if the technological advancement is considered, but the noise generated by this aircrafts have several disadvantages over the target market of these technological advancements (Morris et al. 2014). These threats are contrasted with the background of the target markets. Following are the considered threats of the Concorde supersonic aircrafts: Stiff competition from the domestic and international marketplace: In case of the noises reduction facilities provided by several international organizations like Airbus, Bombardier etc. they provide better strategies to reduce the involved noise within the system of aircraft (West IV et al. 2014). In the concerned case study noise generated from the Concorde Supersonic aircraft is reduced with the help of the LES but there are other facilities that are provided by several companies that reduces the chance of noise generation. High maintenance cost: LES includes high maintenance cost in case of the Concorde supersonic aircraft. This increases the chance of earning revenues in the competitive market. So in contrast with the case study related to supersonic aircraft noise revenues are dropped due to the expense involved in the system. Opportunities within the System: Growing demands: A Concorde Supersonic jet involves a huge amount of noise but there are chances to reduce it with the help of the technological advancements (Yoshida et al. 2015). Therefore, in case of the involvement off the market in this case study, it is found that the growths of demands of the supersonic aircrafts are on higher priority than their disadvantages. Strong demands of defense products: Concorde Supersonic jets are mainly used for the defense purpose in any country. As the demands of the defense system are increasing the chances for market penetration related to use of supersonic jets are increasing (Hafsteinsson 2014). Though the system involves huge noise but still it has great demand. Net Present Value and Future Value Cost benefit analysis Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net economic benefit $0 $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 One time cost $90,000 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Recurring cost $0 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 $30,000 Net cash flow $90,000 $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 $80,000 Discount factors Discount rate 10% Year Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 Discount factor 1 0.909090909 0.826446281 0.751314801 0.683013455 0.620921323 Discounted flows Cost $90,000 $27,273 $24,793 $22,539 $20,490 $18,628 Benefit $0 $45,455 $41,322 $37,566 $34,151 $31,046 Net $90,000 $72,727 $66,116 $60,105 $54,641 $49,674 Cummulative $90,000 $162,727 $228,843 $288,948 $343,589 $393,263 Net present value $303,262.94 Conclusion This case study is providing the threats and opportunities related to the reduction of noise involved in the Concorde supersonic jets. It has helped in understanding the future aspects of Concorde supersonic aircrafts in global market positioning. References Hafsteinsson, H. 2014.Study of Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction using LES. https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/203594/203594.pdf. Morris, C.C., Allison, D.L., Schetz, J.A., Kapania, R.K. and Sultan, C., 2014. Parametric geometry model for design studies of tailless supersonic aircraft.Journal of Aircraft,51(5), pp.1455-1466. West IV, T.K., Reuter, B.W., Walker, E.L., Kleb, B. and Park, M.A., 2014, June. Uncertainty Quantification and Certification Prediction of Low-Boom Supersonic Aircraft Configurations. In32nd AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference(pp. 2014-2139). Yoshida, K., Matsushima, K., Ueda, Y. and Ishikawa, H., 2015. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.Method for designing a natural laminar flow wing of a supersonic aircraft. U.S. Patent 9,031,817.